Pulse oximetry

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Tsallaka zuwa kewayawaYi tsalle don bincika

Pulse oximetryni amara cutarwahanyar lura da na mutumoxygen jikewa.Ko da yake karatunsa na jikewar iskar oxygen (SpO₂) ba koyaushe yake daidai da mafi kyawun karatun jikewar iskar oxygen ba (SaO₂) dagaiskar jini arterialbincike, biyun suna da alaƙa da kyau sosai cewa amintaccen, dacewa, mara amfani, hanyar oximetry na bugun jini mara tsada yana da mahimmanci don auna ma'aunin iskar oxygen.na asibitiamfani.

A cikin yanayin aikace-aikacen da aka fi sani da shi (mai watsawa), ana sanya na'urar firikwensin akan wani siriri na jikin majiyyaci, yawancibakin yatsakokunun kunne, ko kuma a cikin yanayin wanijariri, fadin kafa.Na'urar tana wucewa biyu na haske ta cikin sashin jiki zuwa na'urar gano hoto.Yana auna sauyewar absorbance a kowane ɗayantsayin daka, kyale shi don ƙayyadeabubuwan shasaboda bugun jinijini jijiyakadai, ban davenous jini, fata, kashi, tsoka, mai, da (a mafi yawan lokuta) goge farce.^[1]

Tunani bugun jini oximetry shine mafi ƙarancin na kowa madadin bugun bugun bugun jini oximetry.Wannan hanya ba ta buƙatar wani siraren ɓangaren jikin mutum don haka ya dace da aikace-aikacen duniya kamar ƙafa, goshi, da ƙirji, amma kuma yana da wasu iyakoki.Vasodilation da haɗuwa da jinin venous a cikin kai saboda raguwar venous komawa zuwa zuciya zai iya haifar da haɗuwa da bugun jini da jijiyoyi a cikin yankin goshi kuma ya haifar da spurious SpO.₂sakamako.Irin waɗannan yanayi suna faruwa yayin da ake yin maganin sa barci tare daendotracheal intubationda iskar inji ko a cikin marasa lafiya a cikinMatsayin Trendelenburg.^[2]

Abubuwan da ke ciki

• 1 Tarihi
• 2 Aiki
• 3 Alamu
  • 3.1 Abũbuwan amfãni
  • 3.2 Iyakoki
  • 3.3 Ƙara amfani
  • 3.4 Gano farkon COVID-19
  • 4Ma'auni da aka samo
  • 5Duba kuma
  • 6 Bayanan kula
  • 7 Nassoshi
  • 8 Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

A cikin 1935, likitan Jamus Karl Mattes (1905-1962) ya ƙirƙira kunnen O na farko mai tsayi biyu.₂Mitar jikewa tare da masu tace ja da kore (daga baya ja da matatun infrared).Mitar sa ita ce na'urar farko don auna O₂jikewa.^[3]

Asalin oximeter ya yi taGlenn Allan Millikana cikin 1940s.^[4]A cikin 1949, Wood ya ƙara capsule mai matsa lamba don matse jini daga kunne don samun cikakkiyar O.₂ƙimar jikewa lokacin da aka sake shigar da jini.Tunanin yayi kama da na yau da kullun bugun jini oximetry, amma yana da wahalar aiwatarwa saboda rashin kwanciyar hankaliphotocellsda hanyoyin haske;a yau ba a amfani da wannan hanyar a asibiti.A cikin 1964 Shaw ya tattara farkon oximeter mai karantawa na farko, wanda yayi amfani da tsawon tsawon haske takwas.

Pulse oximetry an haɓaka shi a cikin 1972, taTaku Aoyagida Michio Kishi, injiniyoyin halittu, aNihon Kohdenta yin amfani da rabon ja zuwa narkar da haske na infrared na abubuwan da ke bugun jini a wurin aunawa.Susumu Nakajima, wani likitan fiɗa, da abokansa sun fara gwada na’urar a cikin marasa lafiya, inda suka ba da rahoto a cikin 1975.^[5]An tallata shi ta hanyar kasuwanciBioxa shekarar 1980.^[6][5][7]

A shekara ta 1987, ma'aunin kulawa don gudanar da maganin sa barci na gabaɗaya a Amurka ya haɗa da pulse oximetry.Daga dakin tiyata, yin amfani da oximetry na bugun jini cikin sauri ya bazu ko'ina cikin asibiti, na farko zuwadakunan farfadowa, sannan kusassan kulawa mai zurfi.Pulse oximetry ya kasance da ƙima ta musamman a cikin sashin jariri inda marasa lafiya ba su bunƙasa tare da isassun iskar oxygen ba, amma yawan iskar oxygen da haɓakar iskar oxygen na iya haifar da nakasar gani ko makanta dagaretinopathy na prematurity(ROP).Bugu da ƙari, samun iskar gas ɗin jini na jijiya daga majiyyaci na jariri yana da zafi ga majiyyaci kuma babban dalilin cutar anemia na jariri.^[8]Kayan aikin motsa jiki na iya zama ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun yanayin bugun jini wanda ke haifar da ƙararrawar ƙarya akai-akai da asarar bayanai.Wannan shi ne saboda a lokacin motsi da ƙananan gefezubar jini, da yawa bugun jini oximeters ba zai iya bambanta tsakanin pulsating arterial jini da kuma motsi venous jini, haifar da rashin kima na oxygen jikewa.Nazarin farko na aikin oximetry na bugun jini yayin motsi batun ya bayyana raunin fasahar bugun jini na al'ada zuwa kayan motsi.^[9][10]

A shekarar 1995.MasimoAn gabatar da Fasahar Haɗin Siginar Sigina (SET) wanda zai iya auna daidai lokacin motsin haƙuri da ƙarancin turare ta hanyar raba siginar jijiya daga venous da sauran sigina.Tun daga nan, masana'antun pulse oximetry sun haɓaka sabbin algorithms don rage wasu ƙararrawar ƙarya yayin motsi^[11]kamar tsawaita matsakaicin lokuta ko daskarewa dabi'u akan allon, amma ba sa da'awar auna yanayin canza yanayin yayin motsi da ƙarancin turare.Don haka, har yanzu akwai bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci a cikin aikin oximeters na bugun jini yayin yanayin ƙalubale.^[12]Har ila yau, a cikin 1995, Masimo ya gabatar da ma'anar perfusion, yana ƙididdige girman girman abin da ke kewaye.plethysmographnau'in igiyar ruwa.An nuna ma'anar perfusion don taimakawa likitocin suyi hasashen tsananin rashin lafiya da farkon mummunan sakamakon numfashi a cikin jarirai,^[13][14][15]tsinkaya ƙananan kwararar vena cava a cikin jarirai masu ƙarancin nauyin haihuwa,^[16]samar da alamar farko na tausayi bayan maganin sa barci,^[17]da inganta gano cututtukan zuciya mai mahimmanci a cikin jarirai.^[18]

Takardun da aka buga sun kwatanta fasahar hakar sigina da sauran fasahohin bugun jini na oximetry kuma sun nuna kyakkyawan sakamako ga fasahar cire sigina.^[9][12][19]Hakanan an nuna fasahar cire siginar bugun jini oximetry don fassarawa zuwa taimakawa likitocin su inganta sakamakon haƙuri.A cikin binciken daya, retinopathy na prematurity (lalacewar ido) ya ragu da kashi 58% a cikin ƙananan jarirai masu ƙarancin nauyin haihuwa a wata cibiyar ta amfani da fasahar cire siginar, yayin da babu raguwa a cikin ƙwayar cuta na prematurity a wata cibiyar tare da likitoci iri ɗaya suna amfani da yarjejeniya iri ɗaya. amma tare da fasahar cire sigina mara amfani.^[20]Sauran binciken sun nuna cewa fasahar cire siginar bugun jini oximetry yana haifar da ƙarancin ma'aunin iskar gas na jini, saurin yaye iskar oxygen, amfani da ƙananan firikwensin, da ƙarancin tsawon zama.^[21]Ma'auni-ta hanyar motsi da ƙananan ƙarfin perfusion shi ma ya ba da damar yin amfani da shi a wuraren da ba a kula da su a baya ba kamar babban bene, inda ƙararrawar ƙarya ta addabi al'ada oximetry na bugun jini.A matsayin shaidar wannan, an buga wani bincike mai mahimmanci a cikin 2010 yana nuna cewa likitocin a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Dartmouth-Hitchcock ta amfani da siginar siginar siginar bugun bugun jini a ƙasan ƙasa sun sami damar rage saurin kunna ƙungiyoyin amsawa, canja wurin ICU, da kwanakin ICU.^[22]A cikin 2020, wani bincike na baya-bayan nan da aka yi a wannan cibiyar ya nuna cewa sama da shekaru goma na amfani da oximetry na bugun jini tare da fasahar cire sigina, haɗe tare da tsarin sa ido na haƙuri, babu mace-mace marasa lafiya kuma babu wani mara lafiya da ya sami rauni ta hanyar ɓacin rai na numfashi na opioid. yayin da ake ci gaba da sa ido.^[23]

A cikin 2007, Masimo ya gabatar da ma'aunin farko najuzu'in juzu'i(PVI), wanda binciken bincike da yawa ya nuna yana ba da sabuwar hanya don ƙima ta atomatik, ƙima mara ƙima na ikon mai haƙuri don amsa maganin ruwa.^[24][25][26]Matsakaicin matakan ruwa masu dacewa suna da mahimmanci don rage haɗarin bayan aiki da haɓaka sakamakon haƙuri: an nuna adadin ruwan da ya yi ƙasa da ƙasa (ƙasa da hydration) ko kuma mai yawa (sama da hydration) don rage raunin rauni kuma yana ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da cuta ko rikitarwa na zuciya.^[27]Kwanan nan, Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya ta Ƙasa a Burtaniya da Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Faransa da Ƙungiyar Kula da Mahimmanci sun jera saka idanu na PVI a matsayin wani ɓangare na dabarun da suka ba da shawara don sarrafa ruwan ciki.^[28][29]

A cikin 2011, ƙwararrun ƙungiyar ma'aikata sun ba da shawarar gwada jariri tare da oximetry na bugun jini don ƙara gano cutar.m cututtukan zuciya na haihuwa(CCHD).^[30]Ƙungiyar aiki ta CCHD ta buga sakamakon manyan bincike guda biyu masu yiwuwa na batutuwa 59,876 waɗanda suka yi amfani da fasahar hakar sigina musamman don ƙara gano CCHD tare da ƙarancin tabbataccen ƙarya.^[31][32]Ƙungiyar aiki ta CCHD ta ba da shawarar a yi gwajin jariri tare da motsin bugun jini mai jurewa wanda kuma an inganta shi a cikin ƙananan yanayi.A cikin 2011, Sakataren Lafiya da Ayyukan Jama'a na Amurka ya ƙara oximetry na bugun jini zuwa kwamitin tantance yunifom da aka ba da shawarar.^[33]Kafin shaidar yin amfani da fasahar cire sigina, an tantance kasa da kashi 1% na jarirai a Amurka.A yau,The Newborn FoundationAn rubuta kusa da nunin duniya a Amurka kuma binciken kasa da kasa yana faɗaɗa cikin sauri.^[34]A cikin 2014, babban bincike na uku na jarirai 122,738 waɗanda kuma ke amfani da fasahar cire sigina na musamman ya nuna irin wannan sakamako mai kyau a matsayin babban karatu biyu na farko.^[35]

An ƙirƙiri babban ƙudurin bugun jini (HRPO) don gwajin bacci na cikin gida da gwaji a cikin marasa lafiya waɗanda ba shi da amfani a yi su.polysomnography.^[36][37]Yana adanawa kuma yana yin rikodin duka biyunbugun bugun jinida SpO2 a cikin tazara na 1 na biyu kuma an nuna su a cikin binciken daya don taimakawa wajen gano rashin barcin numfashi a cikin marasa lafiya na tiyata.^[38]

Abubuwan sha na haemoglobin oxygenated (HbO2) da haemoglobin deoxygenated (Hb) don ja da tsayin raƙuman infrared

Gefen ciki na bugun jini oximeter

Mai lura da iskar oxygen na jini yana nuna adadin jinin da ke ɗauke da iskar oxygen.Musamman ma, yana auna wane kashihaemoglobin, furotin da ke cikin jini wanda ke ɗauke da iskar oxygen, yana ɗorawa.Abubuwan da aka yarda da su na yau da kullun ga marasa lafiya ba tare da ilimin cututtukan huhu ba daga kashi 95 zuwa 99 ne.Ga majiyyaci dakin numfashi iskar kusa ko kusamatakin teku, kimantawar jijiya pO₂za a iya yi daga jini-oxygen Monitor"Saturation of Peripheral oxygen"(SpO₂) karatu.

A al'ada pulse oximeter yana amfani da na'ura mai sarrafa lantarki da ƙananan ƙananan guda biyudiodes masu haske(LEDs) suna fuskantar aphotodiodeta wani sashe na jikin majiyyaci mai jujjuyawa, yawanci yatsa ko kunun kunne.LED guda ɗaya ja ne, tare datsawon zangona 660 nm, da sauran shi neinfraredtare da tsawon 940 nm.Shakar haske a waɗannan tsawon zangon ya bambanta sosai tsakanin jinin da ke ɗauke da iskar oxygen da jinin da ba shi da iskar oxygen.Haemoglobin mai iskar oxygen yana ɗaukar ƙarin hasken infrared kuma yana ba da damar ƙarin haske ja don wucewa.Deoxygenated haemoglobin yana ba da damar ƙarin hasken infrared don wucewa kuma yana ɗaukar ƙarin haske ja.Lissafin LEDs ta hanyar zagayowar su na ɗaya akan, sannan ɗayan, sannan duka biyu suna kashe kusan sau talatin a cikin daƙiƙa guda wanda ke ba da damar photodiode don amsawa ga hasken ja da infrared daban kuma ya daidaita don tushen hasken yanayi.^[39]

Ana auna adadin hasken da ake watsawa (wato, wanda ba a ɗauka) ba, kuma ana samar da sigina na yau da kullun na kowane tsayin tsayi.Waɗannan sigina suna jujjuyawa cikin lokaci saboda adadin jinin jijiya da ke akwai yana ƙaruwa (a zahiri bugun zuciya) tare da kowace bugun zuciya.Ta hanyar cire mafi ƙarancin haske da ake watsawa daga hasken da ake watsawa a kowane tsayin tsayi, ana gyara tasirin sauran kyallen takarda don, samar da ci gaba da sigina ga jini mai bugun jini.^[40]Ana ƙididdige ma'aunin ma'aunin hasken ja zuwa ma'aunin hasken infrared ta hanyar mai sarrafawa (wanda ke wakiltar rabon haemoglobin oxygenated zuwa haemoglobin deoxygenated), sannan wannan rabo ya canza zuwa SpO.₂da processor via atebur dubawa^[40]bisa gaDokar Beer-Lambert.^[39]Rabuwar siginar kuma tana yin amfani da wasu dalilai: nau'in motsi na plethysmograph (“pleth wave”) wanda ke wakiltar siginar bugun jini yawanci ana nunawa don nuni na gani na bugun jini da ingancin sigina,^[41]da rabon lamba tsakanin pulsatile da abin sha na asali ("index perfusion") za'a iya amfani dashi don kimanta perfusion.^[25]

Ana amfani da binciken bugun jini a yatsan mutum

pulse oximeter shine ana'urar likitawanda ke sa ido a kaikaice yawan iskar oxygen na majiyyacijini(kamar yadda ya saba da auna ma'aunin iskar oxygen kai tsaye ta hanyar samfurin jini) da canje-canje a cikin adadin jini a cikin fata, yana haifar daphotoplethysmogramwanda za a iya kara sarrafa shisauran ma'auni.^[41]Za a iya shigar da oximeter na bugun jini cikin na'urar duba marasa lafiya da yawa.Yawancin masu saka idanu kuma suna nuna ƙimar bugun jini.Hakanan ana samun na'urorin bugun jini mai ɗaukar nauyi, mai sarrafa baturi don jigilar kaya ko kula da jini-oxygen na gida.

Amfani[gyara]

Pulse oximetry ya dace musamman donmara cutarwaci gaba da auna ma'aunin oxygen jikewa na jini.Sabanin haka, in ba haka ba, dole ne a ƙayyade matakan gas na jini a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje akan samfurin jini da aka zana.Pulse oximetry yana da amfani a kowane wuri inda majiyyaci yakeoxygenationba shi da kwanciyar hankali, gami dakulawa mai zurfi, aiki, farfadowa, gaggawa da saitunan asibiti,matukan jirgia cikin jirgin da ba a matsawa ba, don kimanta iskar oxygenation kowane mai haƙuri, da ƙayyade tasiri ko buƙatar ƙarin.oxygen.Kodayake ana amfani da oximeter na bugun jini don saka idanu akan iskar oxygen, ba zai iya tantance yanayin iskar oxygen ba, ko adadin iskar oxygen da majiyyaci ke amfani da shi.Don wannan dalili, wajibi ne a kuma aunacarbon dioxide(CO₂) matakan.Yana yiwuwa kuma ana iya amfani da shi don gano abubuwan da ba su da kyau a cikin iska.Koyaya, yin amfani da oximeter na bugun jini don ganowahypoventilationyana da lahani tare da amfani da ƙarin iskar oxygen, saboda kawai lokacin da marasa lafiya suka shaka iska za a iya gano rashin daidaituwa a cikin aikin numfashi tare da amfani da shi.Sabili da haka, tsarin kulawa na yau da kullum na karin iskar oxygen na iya zama maras tabbas idan mai haƙuri zai iya kula da isasshen iskar oxygen a cikin iska, tun da zai iya haifar da rashin jin dadi ba tare da ganowa ba.^[42]

Saboda sauƙin amfani da su da ikon samar da ci gaba da ci gaba da ƙimar jikewar iskar oxygen, pulse oximeters suna da mahimmancin mahimmanci.maganin gaggawasannan kuma suna da matukar amfani ga masu fama da matsalar numfashi ko na zuciya, musammanCOPD, ko don gano wasurashin barcikamarapneakumahypopnea.^[43]Na'urorin bugun bugun jini masu ɗaukar nauyin baturi suna da amfani ga matukin jirgi da ke aiki a cikin jirgin da ba a matsa lamba sama da ƙafa 10,000 (3,000 m) ko ƙafa 12,500 (3,800 m) a cikin Amurka.^[44]inda ake buƙatar ƙarin oxygen.Matsalolin bugun jini masu ɗaukar nauyi kuma suna da amfani ga masu hawan dutse da ’yan wasa waɗanda matakan iskar oxygen na iya raguwa a samatsayin dakako da motsa jiki.Wasu na'urorin bugun jini masu ɗaukar nauyi suna amfani da software wanda ke tsara iskar oxygen da bugun jini na majiyyaci, yin aiki azaman tunatarwa don duba matakan iskar oxygen na jini.

Ci gaban haɗin kai na baya-bayan nan kuma yanzu ya ba da damar majiyyata don ci gaba da lura da yanayin iskar oxygen na jininsu ba tare da haɗin kebul ba zuwa na'urar duba asibiti, ba tare da sadaukar da kwararar bayanan marasa lafiya zuwa masu sa ido na gefen gado ba da tsarin kula da marasa lafiya a tsakiya.Masimo Radius PPG, wanda aka gabatar a cikin 2019, yana ba da oximetry na bugun jini mara igiyar ruwa ta amfani da fasahar cire siginar Masimo, baiwa marasa lafiya damar motsawa cikin walwala da kwanciyar hankali yayin da ake ci gaba da sa ido a kai.^[45]Radius PPG kuma yana iya amfani da amintaccen Bluetooth don raba bayanan haƙuri kai tsaye tare da wayo ko wata na'ura mai wayo.^[46]

Iyakance[gyara]

Pulse oximetry yana auna jimlar haemoglobin kawai, basamun iskakuma ba cikakken ma'aunin isashshen numfashi bane.Ba madadin baiskar jiniduba a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, saboda ba ya ba da wata alamar kasawar tushe, matakan carbon dioxide, jinipH, kobicarbonate(HCO₃^-) maida hankali.Ana iya auna metabolism na iskar oxygen da sauri ta hanyar saka idanu na CO₂, amma alkaluman jikewa ba su ba da bayani game da abun ciki na iskar oxygen na jini.Mafi yawan iskar oxygen a cikin jini ana ɗaukar haemoglobin;a cikin anemia mai tsanani, jinin ya ƙunshi ƙananan haemoglobin, wanda duk da kasancewarsa ba zai iya ɗaukar iskar oxygen mai yawa ba.

Ana iya haifar da ƙananan karatun kuskure ta hanyar kuskurehypoperfusionna ƙarshen da ake amfani da shi don saka idanu (sau da yawa saboda wani gaɓoɓin sanyi, ko dagavasoconstrictionsakandare ga yin amfani davasopressorwakilai);aikace-aikacen firikwensin kuskure;sosaimfata;ko motsi (kamar rawar jiki), musamman a lokacin da ake ji.Don tabbatar da daidaito, firikwensin ya kamata ya dawo da tsayayyen bugun jini da/ko siginar bugun bugun jini.Fasaha oximetry na Pulse sun bambanta a cikin iyawarsu don samar da ingantattun bayanai yayin yanayin motsi da ƙarancin turawa.^[12][9]

Pulse oximetry kuma ba cikakkiyar ma'aunin iskar iskar oxygen ba ce.Idan babu wadatarzubar jiniko rashin isasshen haemoglobin a cikin jini (anemia), kyallen takarda na iya wahalahypoxiaduk da high arterial oxygen jikewa.

Tunda pulse oximetry yana auna yawan adadin haemoglobin da aka ɗaure kawai, ƙaramin karatu na ƙarya ko na ƙarya zai faru lokacin da haemoglobin ya ɗaure da wani abu banda oxygen:

• Haemoglobin yana da alaƙa mafi girma ga carbon monoxide fiye da yadda yake da iskar oxygen, kuma babban karatu na iya faruwa duk da kasancewar majiyyaci a zahiri.A lokuta nagubar monoxide, wannan rashin daidaito na iya jinkirta ganewarhypoxia(ƙananan matakin oxygen na salula).
• Cyanide gubayana ba da babban karatu saboda yana rage fitar da iskar oxygen daga jinin jijiya.A wannan yanayin, karatun ba ƙarya ba ne, saboda iskar oxygen na jini yana da yawa a farkon guba na cyanide.^{[bayani da ake bukata]}
• Methemoglobinemiaa zahiri yana haifar da karatun oximetry na bugun jini a tsakiyar 80s.
• COPD [musamman mashako na kullum] na iya haifar da karatun ƙarya.^[47]

Hanyar da ba ta da haɗari wanda ke ba da damar ci gaba da auna dyshemoglobins shine bugun jiniCO-oximeter, wanda Masimo ya gina a 2005.^[48]Ta hanyar amfani da ƙarin magudanar ruwa,^[49]yana ba wa likitocin likita hanya don auna dyshemoglobins, carboxyhemoglobin, da methemoglobin tare da jimlar haemoglobin.^[50]

Ƙara yawan amfani[gyara]

Dangane da rahoton da iData Bincike ya yi, kasuwar sa ido kan bugun jini na Amurka don kayan aiki da na'urori masu auna firikwensin ya wuce dala miliyan 700 a cikin 2011.^[51]

A cikin 2008, fiye da rabin manyan masana'antun kayan aikin likita da ke fitarwa a duniyaChinakasance masu samar da bugun jini oximeters.^[52]

Gano farkon COVID-19[gyara]

Ana amfani da oximeters na bugun jini don taimakawa tare da gano farkonCUTAR COVID-19cututtuka, wanda na iya haifar da farko unnoticable low arterial oxygen jikewa da hypoxia.Jaridar New York Timesya ba da rahoton cewa "Jami'an kiwon lafiya sun rabu kan ko ya kamata a ba da shawarar sa ido a gida tare da pulse oximeter akan yaduwa yayin Covid-19.Nazarin dogaro ya nuna gaurayawan sakamako, kuma akwai ɗan jagora kan yadda za a zaɓi ɗaya.Amma likitoci da yawa suna ba da shawara ga marasa lafiya da su sami guda ɗaya, suna mai da shi zuwa ga na'urar cutar. "^[53]

Duba kuma:Photoplethysmogram

Sakamakon canje-canje a cikin adadin jini a cikin fata, aplethymographicana iya ganin bambanci a siginar haske da aka karɓa (watsawa) ta firikwensin akan oximeter.Ana iya kwatanta bambancin a matsayin aaiki na lokaci-lokaci, wanda bi da bi za a iya raba zuwa wani bangaren DC (mafi girman darajar)^[a]da kuma wani bangaren AC (peak denus Valley).^[54]Matsakaicin bangaren AC zuwa bangaren DC, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin kashi, an san shi da(na gefe)zubar jiniindex(Pi) don bugun jini, kuma yawanci yana da kewayon 0.02% zuwa 20%.^[55]Wani ma'aunin farko da ake kira dabugun jini oximetry plethymographic(POP) kawai yana auna bangaren “AC”, kuma an samo shi da hannu daga pixels masu saka idanu.^[56][25]

Fihirisar canjin canjin Pleth(PVI) ma'auni ne na bambancin juzu'in jijiya, wanda ke faruwa a yayin hawan numfashi.A lissafi ana ƙididdige shi azaman (Pi_max- Pi_min)/Pi_max× 100%, inda mafi girma da mafi ƙarancin ƙimar Pi suka fito daga hawan numfashi ɗaya ko da yawa.^[54]An nuna shi ya zama mai amfani, mai nuna alama mara lahani na ci gaba da amsa ruwa ga majinyata da ke jurewa sarrafa ruwa.^[25] Pulse oximetry plethysmographic waveform amplitude(ΔPOP) wata dabara ce ta farko da aka yi amfani da ita akan POP da aka samo da hannu, wanda aka lasafta azaman (POP)_max- POP_min(POP_max+ POP_min)*2.^[56]

• Gas na jini na jijiya
• Hoton hoto
• Indexididdigar huhu
• Kulawar numfashi
• Kayan aikin likita
• Injiniyan iska
• Oxygen firikwensin
• Oxygen jikewa
• Photoplethysmogram, aunawa na carbon dioxide (CO₂) a cikin iskar numfashi
• Rashin bacci
• Ulaif

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