Pulse oximetry

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Pulse oximetryndi aosasokonezanjira yowunikira munthukuchuluka kwa oxygen.Ngakhale kuwerenga kwake kwa peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO₂) sizimafanana nthawi zonse ndi kuwerenga kofunikira kwambiri kwa arterial oxygen saturation (SaO₂) kuchokerampweya wamagazi wamagazikusanthula, ziwirizi zimalumikizana bwino kotero kuti njira yotetezeka, yabwino, yosasokoneza, yotsika mtengo ya pulse oximetry ndiyofunikira pakuyezera kuchuluka kwa okosijeni muzachipatalantchito.

Munjira yake yodziwika bwino (yopatsirana), chipangizo cha sensor chimayikidwa pagawo lopyapyala la thupi la wodwalayo, nthawi zambirichalakapenakhutu, kapena mu nkhani yakhanda, kudutsa phazi.Chipangizocho chimadutsa mafunde awiri a kuwala kudutsa mbali ya thupi kupita ku photodetector.Imayesa kusintha kwa absorbance pa chilichonse chakutalika kwa mafunde, kulola kuti adziweabsorbanceschifukwa cha pulsingmagazi otsikayekha, kupatulamagazi a venous, khungu, mafupa, minofu, mafuta, ndi (nthawi zambiri) kupukuta misomali.^[1]

Reflectance pulse oximetry ndi njira yocheperako kuposa transmissive pulse oximetry.Njirayi sikutanthauza gawo lochepa thupi la munthu ndipo ndiloyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ponseponse monga mapazi, mphumi, ndi chifuwa, komanso ili ndi zofooka zina.Vasodilation ndi kuphatikiza kwa venous magazi m'mutu chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa venous kubwerera kumtima kungayambitse kuphatikizika kwa mitsempha yamagazi ndi venous pamphumi ndikuyambitsa SpO.₂zotsatira.Zinthu zotere zimachitika pochita opaleshoni ndiendotracheal intubationndi makina mpweya wabwino kapena odwala muTrendelenburg udindo.^[2]

Zamkatimu

• 1 Mbiri
• 2 Ntchito
• 3 Chizindikiro
  • 3.1 Ubwino
  • 3.2 Zolepheretsa
  • 3.3 Kuchulukitsa kugwiritsa ntchito
  • 3.4 Kuzindikira koyambirira kwa COVID-19
  • 4 Miyezo yotengedwa
  • 5 Onaninso
  • 6 Zolemba
  • 7 Maumboni
  • 8 Maulalo akunja

Mu 1935, dokotala wa ku Germany Karl Matthes (1905-1962) anapanga khutu loyamba la mafunde awiri O.₂mita yodzaza ndi zosefera zofiira ndi zobiriwira (zosefera zofiira ndi infrared pambuyo pake).Mamita ake anali chipangizo choyamba kuyeza O₂kuchuluka.^[3]

Oximeter yoyambirira idapangidwa ndiGlenn Allan Millikanmu 1940s.^[4]Mu 1949, Wood adawonjezera kapsule kuti afinyize magazi kuchokera m'khutu kuti apeze O.₂kuchuluka kwa machulukitsidwe pamene magazi adabwezeredwa.Lingaliroli ndi lofanana ndi masiku ano oximetry pulse oximetry, koma linali lovuta kukhazikitsa chifukwa chosakhazikika.ma photocellndi magwero a kuwala;lero njira iyi sikugwiritsidwa ntchito kuchipatala.Mu 1964 Shaw adasonkhanitsa oximeter yoyamba yowerengera m'makutu, yomwe idagwiritsa ntchito mafunde asanu ndi atatu a kuwala.

Pulse oximetry idapangidwa mu 1972, ndiTakuo Aoyagindi Michio Kishi, bioengineers, atNihon Kohdenpogwiritsa ntchito mayamwidwe ofiira ndi infrared kuwala kwa pulsating zigawo pa malo kuyeza.Susumu Nakajima, dokotala wa opaleshoni, ndi anzake anayamba kuyesa chipangizochi mwa odwala, ndikuchinena mu 1975.^[5]Anagulitsidwa ndiBioxmu 1980.^[6][5][7]

Pofika m'chaka cha 1987, muyeso wa chisamaliro cha kasamalidwe ka mankhwala osokoneza bongo ku US unaphatikizapo pulse oximetry.Kuchokera ku chipinda chopangira opaleshoni, kugwiritsa ntchito pulse oximetry kufalikira mofulumira m'chipatala, choyambazipinda zochira, kenako kuzipinda za odwala kwambiri.Pulse oximetry inali yamtengo wapatali kwambiri mu gawo la neonatal kumene odwala samakhala bwino ndi oxygenation yokwanira, koma mpweya wochuluka komanso kusinthasintha kwa mpweya wa okosijeni kungayambitse kuwonongeka kwa masomphenya kapena khungu.retinopathy ya prematurity(ROP).Komanso, kupeza mpweya wamagazi kuchokera kwa wodwala wakhanda kumakhala kowawa kwa wodwalayo komanso chifukwa chachikulu cha kuperewera kwa magazi kwa neonatal.^[8]Zochita zoyenda zimatha kukhala zolepheretsa kwambiri kuwunika kwa pulse oximetry zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale ma alarm abodza komanso kutayika kwa data.Ichi ndi chifukwa pa zoyenda ndi otsika zotumphukirakuthirira, ma pulse oximeters ambiri sangathe kusiyanitsa pakati pa kugunda kwa magazi ndi kusuntha kwa venous magazi, zomwe zimachititsa kuti anthu asatengeke kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa okosijeni.Maphunziro oyambilira a pulse oximetry performance pakusuntha kwa mutu adawonetsa bwino kusatetezeka kwa matekinoloje anthawi zonse a pulse oximetry to motion artifact.^[9][10]

Mu 1995,Masimoinayambitsa Signal Extraction Technology (SET) yomwe imatha kuyeza molondola pakuyenda kwa odwala komanso kutsekemera kochepa polekanitsa chizindikiro cha mitsempha kuchokera ku venous ndi zizindikiro zina.Kuyambira pamenepo, opanga ma pulse oximetry apanga njira zatsopano zochepetsera ma alarm abodza panthawi yoyenda^[11]monga kuchulukitsa nthawi kapena kuziziritsa pazenera, koma sanena kuti amayesa kusintha kwa zinthu panthawi yoyenda komanso kutsitsa pang'ono.Chifukwa chake, palinso kusiyana kofunikira pakugwira ntchito kwa ma pulse oximeters panthawi yovuta.^[12]Komanso mu 1995, Masimo anayambitsa perfusion index, quantify the amplitude of the peripheral.plethysmographmawonekedwe.Perfusion index yawonetsedwa kuti imathandizira asing'anga kulosera kuopsa kwa matenda komanso zotsatira zoyipa za kupuma mwa ana akhanda,^[13][14][15]kuwonetsa kutsika kwapang'onopang'ono kwa vena cava mwa makanda obadwa otsika kwambiri,^[16]perekani chizindikiro choyambirira cha sympathectomy pambuyo pa epidural anesthesia,^[17]ndikuwongolera kuzindikira kwa matenda oopsa amtima obadwa nawo mwa ana obadwa kumene.^[18]

Mapepala osindikizidwa afananiza ukadaulo wochotsa ma siginolo ndi matekinoloje ena a pulse oximetry ndipo awonetsa zotsatira zabwino nthawi zonse zaukadaulo wochotsa ma siginecha.^[9][12][19]Ukadaulo wotulutsa ma Signal pulse oximetry performance wawonetsedwanso kuti umatanthawuza kuthandiza asing'anga kusintha zotsatira za odwala.Pakafukufuku wina, retinopathy ya prematurity (kuwonongeka kwa diso) idachepetsedwa ndi 58% mwa ana obadwa otsika kwambiri pakatikati pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wochotsa chizindikiro, pomwe panalibe kuchepa kwa retinopathy ya prematurity pamalo ena omwe ali ndi madokotala omwe amagwiritsa ntchito njira yomweyo. koma ndi ukadaulo wosatulutsa ma sign.^[20]Kafukufuku wina wasonyeza kuti ukadaulo wotulutsa ma sign pulse oximetry umapangitsa kuti mulingo wocheperako wa mpweya wamagazi uzikhala wocheperako, nthawi yofulumira yoyamwitsa okosijeni, kugwiritsa ntchito kachipangizo kakang'ono, komanso kutsika kwanthawi yayitali.^[21]Muyeso-kupyolera mukuyenda ndi mphamvu zochepa zotsekemera zomwe zalola kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito m'madera omwe kale anali osayang'aniridwa monga pansi, kumene ma alarm abodza asokoneza oximetry wamba.Monga umboni wa izi, kafukufuku wodziwika bwino adasindikizidwa mu 2010 akuwonetsa kuti asing'anga ku Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo waukadaulo wa pulse oximetry pansi wamba adatha kuchepetsa ma activation amagulu oyankha mwachangu, kusamutsidwa kwa ICU, ndi masiku a ICU.^[22]Mu 2020, kafukufuku wobwerezabwereza ku bungwe lomwelo adawonetsa kuti pazaka khumi zogwiritsa ntchito pulse oximetry ndi ukadaulo wotulutsa ma sign, kuphatikiza ndi njira yowunikira odwala, panalibe kufa kwa odwala zero ndipo palibe odwala omwe adavulazidwa ndi kupsinjika kwa kupuma kwa opioid. pamene kuyang'anira kosalekeza kunali kugwiritsidwa ntchito.^[23]

Mu 2007, Masimo adayambitsa muyeso woyamba wapleth kusinthasintha index(PVI), yomwe maphunziro angapo azachipatala awonetsa imapereka njira yatsopano yowunikira mosavutikira, yodziwikiratu kuti wodwalayo amatha kuyankha pamayendedwe amadzimadzi.^[24][25][26]Madzi oyenerera ndi ofunikira kuti achepetse zoopsa zomwe zimachitika pambuyo pa opaleshoni komanso kupititsa patsogolo zotsatira za odwala: kuchuluka kwa madzi omwe ali otsika kwambiri (otsika-hydration) kapena okwera kwambiri (over-hydration) awonetsedwa kuti amachepetsa machiritso a bala ndikuwonjezera chiopsezo cha matenda kapena zovuta zamtima.^[27]Posachedwapa, National Health Service ku United Kingdom ndi French Anesthesia and Critical Care Society adalemba kuwunika kwa PVI ngati gawo la njira zawo zoyendetsera madzimadzi mkati mwa opaleshoni.^[28][29]

Mu 2011, gulu la akatswiri lidalimbikitsa kuyezetsa khanda ndi pulse oximetry kuti athe kuzindikiramatenda oopsa a mtima obadwa nawo(CCHD).^[30]Gulu logwira ntchito la CCHD lidatchula zotsatira za maphunziro awiri akulu, omwe akuyembekezeka kwa maphunziro a 59,876 omwe adagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wotulutsa ma siginecha kuti awonjezere kuzindikirika kwa CCHD yokhala ndi zolakwika zochepa zabodza.^[31][32]Gulu logwira ntchito la CCHD lidalimbikitsa kuti kuyezetsa kobadwa kumene kuchitidwe ndi motion tolerant pulse oximetry yomwe yatsimikiziridwanso mumikhalidwe yotsika kwambiri.Mu 2011, Secretary of Health and Human Services ku United States anawonjezera pulse oximetry ku gulu lowonetsera yunifolomu.^[33]Umboni usanachitike wowunikira pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wotulutsa ma sign, ochepera 1% a ana obadwa kumene ku United States adawunikidwa.Lero,The Newborn Foundationyalemba pafupi ndi kuwunika kwapadziko lonse ku United States ndipo kuyesa kwapadziko lonse kukukulirakulira.^[34]Mu 2014, kafukufuku wamkulu wachitatu wa ana akhanda a 122,738 omwe adagwiritsanso ntchito ukadaulo wotulutsa ma siginecha adawonetsa zotsatira zofanana, zabwino monga maphunziro awiri akulu akulu.^[35]

High-resolution pulse oximetry (HRPO) yapangidwa kuti iwonetsetse matenda obanika kutulo m'nyumba ndi kuyesa odwala omwe sangathe kuwachitira.polysomnografia.^[36][37]Imasunga ndikulemba zonse ziwirikugunda kwa mtimandi SpO2 mu 1 yachiwiri intervals ndipo zasonyezedwa mu kafukufuku wina kuthandiza kuzindikira kugona tulo kupuma movutikira odwala opaleshoni.^[38]

Mayamwidwe a oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO2) ndi deoxygenated hemoglobin (Hb) kwa red and infrared wavelengths

Mbali yamkati ya pulse oximeter

Kalozera wa okosijeni wamagazi amawonetsa kuchuluka kwa magazi omwe amadzaza ndi okosijeni.Mwachindunji, zimayesa kuchuluka kwakehemoglobin, puloteni ya m’magazi imene imanyamula mpweya wa okosijeni, imadzaza.Milingo yovomerezeka yovomerezeka kwa odwala omwe alibe pulmonary pathology ndi 95 mpaka 99 peresenti.Kwa wodwala kupuma chipinda mpweya pafupi kapena pafupinyanja, kuyerekezera kwa arterial pO₂zitha kupangidwa kuchokera ku chowunikira cha okosijeni wamagazi"kuchuluka kwa oxygen"(SpO₂) kuwerenga.

Ma pulse oximeter amagwiritsa ntchito purosesa yamagetsi ndi peyala yaying'onoma diode opepuka(ma LED) akuyang'ana aphotodiodekudzera m’mbali yotuluka m’thupi la wodwalayo, nthaŵi zambiri ndi nsonga ya chala kapena m’khutu.LED imodzi ndi yofiira, ndikutalika kwa mafundeya 660 nm, ndipo ina ndiinfuraredindi kutalika kwa 940 nm.Mayamwidwe a kuwala pamafundewa amasiyana kwambiri pakati pa magazi odzaza ndi okosijeni ndi magazi opanda mpweya.Hemoglobin yokhala ndi okosijeni imatenga kuwala kwa infrared ndipo imalola kuwala kofiira kwambiri kudutsa.Deoxygenated hemoglobin imalola kuwala kowonjezereka kwa infrared kudutsa ndikuyamwa kuwala kofiira kwambiri.Ma LED amatsatizana mozungulira kanjira kawo, kenako enawo, kenako onse amachoka pafupifupi kasanu pa sekondi iliyonse zomwe zimathandiza kuti photodiode iyankhe pa kuwala kofiyira ndi kwa infrared padera ndikusinthanso poyambira kuwala kozungulira.^[39]

Kuchuluka kwa kuwala komwe kumaperekedwa (mwa kuyankhula kwina, komwe sikunatengedwe) kumayesedwa, ndipo zizindikiro zosiyana zodziwika bwino zimapangidwira pa utali uliwonse.Zizindikirozi zimasinthasintha pakapita nthawi chifukwa kuchuluka kwa magazi omwe amapezekapo kumawonjezeka (kwenikweni kugunda) ndi kugunda kwa mtima kulikonse.Pochotsa kuwala kocheperako kuchokera ku kuwala kofalikira mumtundu uliwonse wa wavelength, zotsatira za minofu zina zimakonzedwa, kutulutsa chizindikiro chosalekeza cha pulsatile arterial blood.^[40]Chiyerekezo cha kuyeza kwa kuwala kofiyira ndi kuyeza kwa kuwala kwa infuraredi kumawerengeredwa ndi purosesa (yomwe imayimira chiŵerengero cha hemoglobini ya okosijeni ndi hemoglobini ya deoxygenated), ndiyeno chiŵerengerochi chimasinthidwa kukhala SpO.₂ndi purosesa kudzera atebulo loyang'ana^[40]zochokera paLamulo la Beer-Lambert.^[39]Kupatukana kwa chizindikiro kumagwiranso ntchito zina: mawonekedwe a plethysmograph waveform ("pleth wave") omwe amayimira chizindikiro cha pulsatile nthawi zambiri amawonetsedwa kuti awonetse mawonekedwe a pulse komanso mtundu wazizindikiro,^[41]ndi chiŵerengero cha manambala pakati pa pulsatile ndi baseline absorbance ("perfusion index") angagwiritsidwe ntchito kuwunika mafuta.^[25]

A pulse oximeter probe yomwe imayikidwa pa chala cha munthu

Pulse oximeter ndi achipangizo chachipatalayomwe imayang'anira mosadukiza kachulukidwe ka okosijeni wa wodwalamagazi(mosiyana ndi kuyeza kuchuluka kwa oxygen kudzera m'magazi) ndi kusintha kwa kuchuluka kwa magazi pakhungu, kutulutsaphotoplethysmogramzomwe zitha kusinthidwa kukhalamiyeso ina.^[41]Mpweya oximeter ukhoza kuphatikizidwa mu multiparameter wodwala polojekiti.Oyang'anira ambiri amawonetsanso kugunda kwa mtima.Ma pulse oximeter onyamula, oyendetsedwa ndi batri amapezekanso kuti azinyamulidwa kapena kuyang'anira mpweya wa okosijeni kunyumba.

Ubwino wake[sinthani]

Pulse oximetry ndiyothandiza kwambiriosasokonezakuyeza kosalekeza kwa kuchuluka kwa oxygen m'magazi.Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, mulingo wa mpweya wa m'magazi uyenera kutsimikiziridwa mu labotale pamiyeso ya magazi otengedwa.Pulse oximetry ndiyothandiza pazochitika zilizonse zomwe wodwala ali nazompweyandi wosakhazikika, kuphatikizapochisamaliro chachikulu, opareshoni, kuchira, zadzidzidzi ndi zoikamo wa chipatala,oyendetsa ndegem'ndege zopanda mphamvu, kuti awone momwe wodwalayo alili, komanso kudziwa momwe angathandizire kapena kufunikira kowonjezera.mpweya.Ngakhale kuti pulse oximeter imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyang'anira oxygenation, silingathe kudziwa kagayidwe ka oxygen, kapena kuchuluka kwa mpweya womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi wodwala.Pachifukwa ichi, m'pofunikanso kuyezampweya woipa(CO₂misinkhu.N'zotheka kuti angagwiritsidwenso ntchito kuzindikira zolakwika mu mpweya wabwino.Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito pulse oximeter kudziwahypoventilationimasokonezedwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mpweya wowonjezera, monga momwe odwala amapumira mpweya wa chipinda kuti zovuta za kupuma zimatha kudziwika modalirika ndi ntchito yake.Choncho, kasamalidwe ka chizolowezi cha okosijeni wowonjezera kungakhale kosayenera ngati wodwalayo amatha kusunga mpweya wokwanira mu mpweya wa chipinda, chifukwa zingayambitse hypoventilation kupita mosadziwika.^[42]

Chifukwa chosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito komanso kuthekera kopereka machulukidwe a okosijeni mosalekeza komanso nthawi yomweyo, ma pulse oximeters ndi ofunikira kwambirimankhwala mwadzidzidzikomanso ndizothandiza kwambiri kwa odwala omwe ali ndi vuto la kupuma kapena mtima, makamakaCOPD, kapena kuti adziwe matenda enamatenda ogonamongakupuma movutikirandihypopnea.^[43]Ma pulse oximeter oyenda ndi batire ndi othandiza kwa oyendetsa ndege omwe sali opanikizika pamwamba pa 10,000 mapazi (3,000 m) kapena 12,500 mapazi (3,800 m) ku US.^[44]kumene oxygen yowonjezera imafunika.Portable pulse oximeters ndi othandizanso kwa okwera mapiri ndi othamanga omwe mpweya wawo umachepa kwambirikutalikakapena ndi masewera olimbitsa thupi.Ma pulse oximeters ena amagwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu omwe amajambula mpweya wamagazi a wodwala ndi kugunda kwa mtima, zomwe zimamukumbutsa kuti aone kuchuluka kwa okosijeni m'magazi.

Kupititsa patsogolo kulumikizidwa kwaposachedwa kwapangitsa kuti odwala aziyang'aniridwa mosalekeza kuti kuchuluka kwa okosijeni m'magazi awo popanda kulumikizidwa ndi chingwe ndi chowunikira chachipatala, osataya kutulutsa kwa data ya odwala kubwerera kwa oyang'anira pafupi ndi bedi ndi machitidwe oyang'anira odwala.Masimo Radius PPG, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa mu 2019, imapereka ma tetherless pulse oximetry pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa Masimo wotulutsa ma sign, kulola odwala kuyenda momasuka komanso momasuka pomwe akuyang'aniridwa mosalekeza komanso modalirika.^[45]Radius PPG ingagwiritsenso ntchito Bluetooth yotetezeka kugawana deta ya odwala mwachindunji ndi foni yamakono kapena chipangizo china chanzeru.^[46]

Zolepheretsa[sinthani]

Pulse oximetry imayesa kuchuluka kwa hemoglobin, osatimpweya wabwinondipo si muyezo wathunthu wa kupuma mokwanira.Sikulowa m'malompweya wamagazikufufuzidwa mu labotale, chifukwa samapereka chisonyezero cha kuchepa kwapansi, mpweya wa carbon dioxide, magazipH, kapenabicarbonate(HCO₃⁻) kukhazikika.Kagayidwe ka oxygen amatha kuyeza mosavuta poyang'anira CO yomwe yatha₂, koma ziwerengero za machulukitsidwe sizipereka chidziwitso chilichonse chokhudza kuchuluka kwa okosijeni m'magazi.Mpweya wambiri wa okosijeni m’mwazi umatengedwa ndi hemoglobini;mu kuchepa kwa magazi kwambiri, magazi amakhala ndi hemoglobini yocheperako, yomwe ngakhale kuti ndi yodzaza samatha kunyamula mpweya wochuluka.

Kuwerengera molakwika kungayambitsidwe ndihypoperfusionZomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyang'anira (nthawi zambiri chifukwa cha kuzizira, kapena kuchokeravasoconstrictionchachiwiri kugwiritsa ntchitovasopressorothandizira);kugwiritsa ntchito sensa yolakwika;kwambiriwosalimbakhungu;kapena kusuntha (monga kunjenjemera), makamaka panthawi ya hypoperfusion.Kuti zitsimikizire kulondola, sensa iyenera kubweza kugunda kokhazikika komanso / kapena mawonekedwe a pulse waveform.Matekinoloje a pulse oximetry amasiyana mu kuthekera kwawo kuti apereke deta yolondola panthawi yoyenda komanso kutsitsa pang'ono.^[12][9]

Pulse oximetry sikutanthauzanso kuchuluka kwa mpweya wokwanira m'magazi.Ngati pali osakwanirakutuluka kwa magazikapena kuchepa kwa hemoglobin m'magazi (kuchepa kwa magazi m'thupi), minofu imatha kuvutikahypoxiangakhale kuchuluka kwa okosijeni wambiri.

Popeza pulse oximetry imayesa kuchuluka kwa hemoglobini yomangidwa, kuwerenga monyenga kapena molakwika kudzachitika pamene hemoglobini imamangiriza ku chinthu china osati mpweya:

• Hemoglobin imalumikizana kwambiri ndi mpweya wa monoxide kuposa momwe imakhalira ndi okosijeni, ndipo kuwerenga kwambiri kumatha kuchitika ngakhale wodwala ali ndi hypoxemic.Muzochitika zacarbon monoxide poizoni, kusalondola uku kungachedwetse kuzindikira kwahypoxia(kuchepa kwa oxygen mulingo).
• Poyizoni wa cyanideimapereka kuwerenga kwakukulu chifukwa kumachepetsa kutulutsa kwa okosijeni kuchokera m'magazi.Pamenepa, kuwerengako sikunama, chifukwa mpweya wa okosijeni wamagazi umakhala wochuluka kwambiri poyambitsa poizoni wa cyanide.^{[kufotokoza kofunikira]}
• MethemoglobinemiaZomwe zimayambitsa kugunda kwa oximetry m'ma 80s.
• COPD [makamaka matenda a bronchitis] angayambitse kuwerengera zabodza.^[47]

Njira yosasokoneza yomwe imalola kuyeza kosalekeza kwa dyshemoglobini ndi kugunda kwa mtimaCO-oximeter, yomwe idamangidwa mu 2005 ndi Masimo.^[48]Pogwiritsa ntchito mafunde owonjezera,^[49]imapatsa madokotala njira yoyezera dyshemoglobins, carboxyhemoglobin, ndi methemoglobin pamodzi ndi hemoglobin yonse.^[50]

Kuchulukitsa kugwiritsa ntchito[sinthani]

Malinga ndi lipoti la iData Research msika waku US pulse oximetry wa zida ndi masensa unali wopitilira 700 miliyoni USD mu 2011.^[51]

Mu 2008, opitilira theka la opanga zida zamankhwala padziko lonse lapansi akugulitsa kunjaChinaanali opanga ma pulse oximeters.^[52]

Kuzindikira koyambirira kwa COVID-19[sinthani]

Ma pulse oximeters amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuthandizira kuzindikira msangaMATENDA A COVID-19matenda, omwe angayambitse kutsika kwa okosijeni mosadziwika bwino komanso hypoxia.The New York Timesadanenanso kuti "akuluakulu azaumoyo agawika ngati kuyang'anira kunyumba ndi pulse oximeter kuyenera kulimbikitsidwa pofalikira pa Covid-19.Kafukufuku wodalirika akuwonetsa zotsatira zosakanikirana, ndipo pali malangizo ochepa a momwe mungasankhire imodzi.Koma madotolo ambiri akulangiza odwala kuti atenge imodzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale njira yothandizira mliriwu. ”^[53]

Onaninso:Photoplethysmogram

Chifukwa cha kusintha kwa kuchuluka kwa magazi pakhungu, aplethysmographickusiyanasiyana kumawonedwa mu siginecha yowala yomwe idalandilidwa (transmittance) ndi sensa pa oximeter.Kusiyanasiyana kungafotokozedwe ngati antchito nthawi, yomwe imatha kugawidwa kukhala gawo la DC (mtengo wapamwamba)^[a]ndi gawo la AC (chigwa chapamwamba chotsitsa).^[54]Chiŵerengero cha chigawo cha AC ku gawo la DC, chofotokozedwa ngati peresenti, chimadziwika kuti(zozungulira)kuthiriraindex(Pi) kwa kugunda, ndipo nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi 0.02% mpaka 20%.^[55]Muyezo wakale wotchedwa thepulse oximetry plethysmographic(POP) imangoyesa gawo la "AC", ndipo imachokera pamanja kuchokera ku ma pixel owunika.^[56][25]

Pleth kusinthasintha index(PVI) ndi muyeso wa kusinthasintha kwa index ya perfusion, yomwe imachitika panthawi yopuma.Mwamasamu amawerengedwa ngati (Pi_max-Pa_min)/Pi_max× 100%, pomwe ma Pi apamwamba komanso ocheperako amachokera ku kapumidwe kamodzi kapena kambiri.^[54]Zasonyezedwa kuti ndizothandiza, zosaoneka bwino za kuyankha kwamadzimadzi kosalekeza kwa odwala omwe akuyendetsa kayendetsedwe ka madzi.^[25] Pulse oximetry plethysmographic waveform matalikidwe(ΔPOP) ndi njira yofananira kale yogwiritsidwa ntchito pa POP yotengedwa pamanja, yowerengedwa ngati(POP)_max- POP_min)/(POP_max+ POP_min)*2.^[56]

• Mpweya wamagazi wamagazi
• Kujambula zithunzi
• Integrated pulmonary index
• Kuwunika kwa kupuma
• Zida zamankhwala
• Makina mpweya wabwino
• Sensa ya okosijeni
• Kuchuluka kwa okosijeni
• Photoplethysmogram, kuyeza kwa carbon dioxide (CO₂) mu mpweya wopumira
• Kugona tulo
• Ulaif

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