Pulse oximetry

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Pulse oximetryke ae sa hlaselengmokhoa oa ho beha leihlo mothophepelo ea oksijene.Leha e bala ka pheripheral oxygen saturation (SpO₂) ha se kamehla e ts'oanang le 'malo o lakatsehang oa arterial oxygen saturation (SaO₂) ho tlohakhase ea mali ea arterialtlhahlobo, tse peli li hokahane hantle hoo mokhoa o bolokehileng, o bonolo, o sa hlaseleng, o theko e tlase oa pulse oximetry o bohlokoa bakeng sa ho lekanya ho tlala ha oksijenetlelenikitshebediso.

Ka mokhoa oa eona oa ts'ebeliso e tloaelehileng haholo (transmissive), sesebelisoa sa sensor se behiloe karolong e tšesaane ea 'mele oa mokuli, hangatamonwanakapatsebe ea tsebe, kapa tabeng ealesea, ka mose ho leoto.Sesebelisoa se fetisetsa maqhubu a mabeli a khanya karolong ea 'mele ho ea ho photodetector.E lekanya ho fetoha ha monya ho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe eawavelengths, e lumellang hore e tsebe hoabsorbanceska lebaka la ho phunyamali a methapofeela, ho sa kenyeletsoemali a venous, letlalo, lesapo, mesifa, mafura, le (maemong a mangata) poleiti ea manala.^[1]

Reflectance pulse oximetry ke mokhoa o sa tloaelehang ho feta transmissive pulse oximetry.Mokhoa ona ha o hloke karolo e tšesaane ea 'mele oa motho' me ka hona o loketse hantle ts'ebetsong ea bokahohle e kang maoto, phatleng le sefuba, empa hape e na le mefokolo e itseng.Vasodilation le ho kopanngoa ha mali a venous hloohong ka lebaka la ho sekisetsa ho khutlela pelong ho ka baka motsoako oa methapo le methapo ea methapo sebakeng sa phatla mme e lebisa ho SpO e fosahetseng.₂liphetho.Maemo a joalo a etsahala ha a ntse a etsoa anesthesia leendotracheal intubationle ho kenya moea ka mechine kapa ho bakuli baBoemo ba Trendelenburg.^[2]

Litaba

• 1 Nalane
• 2Mosebetsi
• 3 Pontsho
  • 3.1Melemo
  • 3.2Meeli
  • 3.3Ho eketsa tšebeliso
  • 3.4 Ho fumanoa kapele ha COVID-19
  • 4 Litekanyo tse nkiloeng
  • 5Bona hape
  • 6Lintlha
  • 7 Litšupiso
  • 8Lihokelo tsa kantle

Ka 1935, ngaka ea Jeremane Karl Matthes (1905-1962) o ile a hlahisa tsebe ea pele ea maqhubu a mabeli O.₂saturation meter e nang le li-filters tse khubelu le tse tala (hamorao tse khubelu le li-infrared filters).Metara ea hae e bile sesebelisoa sa pele sa ho metha O₂kholiso.^[3]

Oximeter ea pele e entsoe keGlenn Allan Millikanlilemong tsa bo-1940.^[4]Ka 1949, Wood o ile a eketsa sekhechana sa khatello ho pepeta mali ho tsoa tsebeng e le hore a fumane O e felletseng.₂boleng ba ho tlala ha mali a khutlisetsoa morao.Khopolo ena e ts'oana le ea sejoale-joale ea pulse oximetry, empa ho ne ho le thata ho e sebelisa ka lebaka la ho se tsitse.li-photocellle mehloli ea leseli;kajeno mokhoa ona ha o sebelisoe tleliniking.Ka 1964 Shaw o ile a bokella "ear oximeter" ea pele e phethahetseng ea ho bala, e sebelisang maqhubu a robeli a khanya.

Pulse oximetry e thehiloe ka 1972, keTakuo Aoyagile Michio Kishi, bioengineers, hoNihon Kohdenho sebelisa karo-karolelano ea 'mala o mofubelu ho ea ho infrared leseli la likaroloana tsa ho phunya sebakeng sa ho metha.Susumu Nakajima, ngaka e buoang, le basebetsi-'moho le eena ba ile ba leka sesebelisoa sena ho bakuli pele, ba se tlaleha ka 1975.^[5]E ne e rekisoa keBioxka 1980.^[6][5][7]

Ka 1987, maemo a tlhokomelo ea tsamaiso ea moriana o thethefatsang ka kakaretso US o ne o kenyelletsa pulse oximetry.Ho tloha kamoreng ea ho buuoa, tšebeliso ea pulse oximetry e ile ea ata ka potlako ho pholletsa le sepetlele, pele holikamore tsa ho hlaphoheloa, ebe holitsi tsa tlhokomelo e batsi.Pulse oximetry e ne e le ea bohlokoa ka ho khetheha setsing sa masea moo bakuli ba sa atleheng ka oksijene e lekaneng, empa oksijene e ngata haholo le ho feto-fetoha ha khatello ea oksijene ho ka lebisa ho holofala ha pono kapa bofofu ho tsoa.retinopathy ea pele ho nako(ROP).Ho feta moo, ho fumana khase ea mali ho tsoa ho mokuli ea sa tsoa tsoaloa ho bohloko ho mokuli le sesosa se seholo sa anemia ea lesea.^[8]Motion artifact e ka ba moedi o moholo oa tlhahlobo ea pulse oximetry e bakang lialamo tsa bohata khafetsa le tahlehelo ea data.Sena ke hobane nakong ea ho sisinyeha le peripheral e tlaseperfusion, li-pulse oximeter tse ngata ha li khone ho khetholla pakeng tsa mali a pulsating a arterial le mali a tsamaeang a venous, e leng se lebisang ho nahaneleng ha oksijene ea saturation.Lithuto tsa pele tsa ts'ebetso ea pulse oximetry nakong ea motsamao oa thuto li hlakisitse bofokoli ba mahlale a tloaelehileng a pulse oximetry ho artifact ea motsamao.^[9][10]

Ka 1995,Masimoe hlahisitse Theknoloji ea Signal Extraction (SET) e neng e ka lekanya ka nepo nakong ea ho sisinyeha ha mokuli le phallo e tlaase ka ho arola letšoao la methapo ho tloha ho venous le lipontšo tse ling.Ho tloha ka nako eo, baetsi ba pulse oximetry ba thehile li-algorithms tse ncha ho fokotsa lialamo tse ling tsa bohata nakong ea ho sisinyeha^[11]joalo ka ho eketsa nako e tloaelehileng kapa maemo a ho totobala skrineng, empa ha li bolele hore li lekanya ho fetoha ha maemo nakong ea ho sisinyeha le phallo e tlase.Kahoo, ho ntse ho na le phapang ea bohlokoa ts'ebetsong ea pulse oximeter nakong ea maemo a thata.^[12]Hape ka 1995, Masimo o ile a hlahisa perfusion index, e lekanya boholo ba peripheral.plethysmographsebopeho sa maqhubu.Lenane la perfusion le bontšitsoe ho thusa baoki ho bolela esale pele ho teba ha mafu le liphello tse mpe tsa phefumoloho ho masea a sa tsoa tsoaloa,^[13][14][15]bolela esale pele phallo e tlase ea vena cava ho masea a tsoetsoeng a boima bo tlase haholo,^[16]fana ka sesupo sa pele sa sympathectomy ka mor'a lefu la sethoathoa,^[17]le ho ntlafatsa ho lemoha lefu la bohlokoa la congenital pelo ho masea a sa tsoa tsoaloa.^[18]

Lipampiri tse hatisitsoeng li bapisitse thekenoloji ea ho ntša matšoao le mekhoa e meng ea theknoloji ea pulse oximetry 'me li bontšitse liphello tse ntle tse sa khaotseng bakeng sa theknoloji ea ho ntša matšoao.^[9][12][19]Theknoloji ea ho ntša matšoao a pulse oximetry e boetse e bontšitsoe ho fetolela ho thusa lingaka ho ntlafatsa liphello tsa mokuli.Phuputsong e 'ngoe, retinopathy ea prematurity (tšenyo ea mahlo) e fokotsehile ka 58% ho masea a sa tsoa tsoaloa a tlaase haholo setsing se sebelisang theknoloji ea ho ntša matšoao, ha ho ne ho se na phokotso ea retinopathy ea prematurity setsing se seng se nang le lingaka tse tšoanang tse sebelisang protocol e tšoanang. empa ka thekenoloji e se nang pontšo ea ho ntša.^[20]Liphuputso tse ling li bontšitse hore theknoloji ea ho ntša matshwao a pulse oximetry e fella ka litekanyo tse fokolang tsa khase ea mali, nako e potlakileng ea ho ntša oksijene, tšebeliso e tlaase ea sensor, le nako e tlaase ea ho lula.^[21]Tekanyo-ka ho sisinyeha le matla a tlase a perfusion eo e nang le eona e boetse e lumella hore e sebelisoe libakeng tse neng li sa hlokomeloe pele joalo ka mokatong o akaretsang, moo lialamo tsa bohata li anngoeng ke pulse oximetry e tloaelehileng.E le bopaki ba sena, phuputso ea bohlokoa e ile ea hatisoa ka 2010 e bontšang hore lingaka tsa Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center tse sebelisang theknoloji ea ho ntša matšoao a pulse oximetry fatše ka kakaretso li khonne ho fokotsa ts'ebetso ea lihlopha tse arabelang ka potlako, ho fetisoa ha ICU, le matsatsi a ICU.^[22]Ka 2020, phuputso e latelang ea morao-rao setsing se le seng e bontšitse hore lilemo tse fetang leshome tsa ho sebelisa pulse oximetry ka theknoloji ea ho ntša matšoao, hammoho le mokhoa oa ho lebela mokuli, ho ne ho e-na le lefu la bakuli ba zero 'me ha ho bakuli ba ileng ba lematsoa ke khatello ea maikutlo e bakoang ke opioid. ha ho ntse ho sebelisoa tlhokomelo e tsoelang pele.^[23]

Ka 2007, Masimo o ile a hlahisa tekanyo ea pele eapleth variability index(PVI), eo liphuputso tse ngata tsa kliniki li bontšitseng hore li fana ka mokhoa o mocha oa tlhahlobo e ikemetseng, e sa tsitsang ea bokhoni ba mokuli ba ho arabela tsamaisong ea mokelikeli.^[24][25][26]Maemo a mokelikeli a loketseng a bohlokoa ho fokotsa likotsi tsa ka mor'a ts'ebetso le ho ntlafatsa liphello tsa mokuli: metsi a mangata haholo (tlas'a metsi) kapa a phahameng haholo (over-hydration) a bontšitsoe ho fokotsa pholiso ea maqeba le ho eketsa kotsi ea tšoaetso kapa mathata a pelo.^[27]Haufinyane tjena, National Health Service in the United Kingdom le French Anesthesia and Critical Care Society li thathamisitse tlhahlobo ea PVI e le karolo ea maano a bona a khothaletsoang bakeng sa taolo ea mokelikeli ka har'a ts'ebetso.^[28][29]

Ka 2011, sehlopha sa litsebi se khothalelitse tlhahlobo ea masea a sa tsoa tsoaloa ka pulse oximetry ho eketsa ho lemohalefu le tebileng la congenital heart(CCHD).^[30]Sehlopha sa basebetsi sa CCHD se qotsitse liphetho tsa lithuto tse peli tse kholo, tse lebelletsoeng ho ba lithuto tsa 59,876 tse sebelisitseng ka mokhoa o ikhethileng theknoloji ea ho ntša matšoao ho eketsa boitsebahatso ba CCHD ka lintlha tse fokolang tsa bohata.^[31][32]Sehlopha sa basebetsi sa CCHD se khothalelitse tlhahlobo ea masea a sa tsoa tsoaloa e etsoe ka motion tolerant pulse oximetry e netefalitsoeng le maemong a tlase a perfusion.Ka 2011, Mongoli oa United States oa Bophelo le Litšebeletso tsa Botho o ile a eketsa pulse oximetry ho phanele e khothaletsoang ea ho hlahloba junifomo.^[33]Pele ho bopaki ba ho hlahloba ho sebelisoa theknoloji ea ho ntša matšoao, ho ile ha hlahlojoa masea a ka tlaase ho 1% United States.Kajeno,The Newborn Foundatione tlalehiloe haufi le tlhahlobo ea bokahohle United States 'me tlhahlobo ea machaba e ntse e eketseha ka potlako.^[34]Ka 2014, phuputso e kholo ea boraro ea masea a sa tsoa tsoaloa a 122,738 eo hape a sebelisitseng theknoloji ea ho ntša matshwao ka mokhoa o khethehileng e bontšitse liphello tse tšoanang, tse ntle joaloka lithuto tse peli tsa pele tse kholo.^[35]

High-resolution pulse oximetry (HRPO) e ntlafalitsoe bakeng sa tlhahlobo le tlhahlobo ea ho koaleha moea ka tlung ka tlung ho bakuli bao ho seng bonolo ho ba etsetsa tsona.polysomnogram.^[36][37]E boloka le ho tlaleha ka bobelisekhahla sa ho otla ha pelole SpO2 ka nako ea metsotsoana ea 1 'me e bontšitsoe thutong e le' ngoe ho thusa ho lemoha ho phefumoloha ha boroko ho bakuli ba buuoang.^[38]

Monyetla oa ho monya hemoglobin ea oksijene (HbO2) le hemoglobin e deoxygenated (Hb) bakeng sa maqhubu a makhubelu le a infrared

Lehlakore le ka hare la pulse oximeter

Mochine oa oksijene oa mali o bontša karolo ea mali a tletseng oksijene.Haholo-holo, e lekanya hore na ke peresente efehemoglobin, protheine e maling e tsamaisang oksijene, ea tlala.Mekhahlelo e tloaelehileng e amohelehang bakeng sa bakuli ba se nang pulmonary pathology e tloha ho liperesente tse 95 ho isa ho tse 99.Bakeng sa kamore ea mokuli ea phefumolohang moea o haufi kapa haufibophahamo ba leoatle, khakanyo ea arterial pO₂e ka etsoa ho tloha mochine oa mali-oksijene"phepelo ea oksijene ea peripheral"(SpO₂) ho bala.

Oximeter e tloaelehileng ea pulse e sebelisa motlakase oa elektronike le para e nyenyaneli-diode tse ntšang khanya(li-LED) tse shebaneng le aphotodiodeka karolo e phatsimang ea 'mele oa mokuli, hangata e le ntlha ea monoana kapa ea tsebe.LED e 'ngoe e khubelu, e nang lebolelele ba maqhubuea 660 nm, 'me e' ngoe keinfraredleqhubu la bolelele ba 940 nm.Ho monyeha ha leseli maqhubung ana a maqhubu ho fapana haholo lipakeng tsa mali a tlatsitsoeng ke oksijene le mali a haelloang ke oksijene.Hemoglobin e nang le oksijene e monya khanya e eketsehileng ea infrared 'me e lumella khanya e khubelu hore e fete.Deoxygenated hemoglobin e lumella leseli le eketsehileng la infrared hore le fete le ho monya leseli le lefubelu le eketsehileng.Li-LED li tsamaisana le potoloho ea tsona ea e 'ngoe ho ea pele, ebe e 'ngoe, ebe li tima ka makhetlo a ka bang mashome a mararo ka motsotsoana e leng se lumellang photodiode ho arabela khanya e khubelu le ea infrared ka ho arohana le ho ikamahanya le leseli la motheo.^[39]

Bongata ba leseli le fetisoang (ka mantsoe a mang, le sa monyetsoeng) lea lekanngoa, 'me mats'oao a tloaelehileng a arohaneng a hlahisoa bakeng sa bolelele bo bong le bo bong.Matshwao ana a feto-fetoha ha nako e ntse e tsamaya hobane palo ya madi a methapo a teng a ntse a eketseha (ho otla ha pelo) ka ho otla ha pelo ka nngwe.Ka ho tlosa khanya e fokolang e fetisitsoeng ho tloha khanyeng e fetisitsoeng ka bolelele bo bong le bo bong, liphello tsa lisele tse ling li lokisoa, ho hlahisa pontšo e tsoelang pele bakeng sa mali a pulsatile arterial.^[40]Karo-karolelano ea tekanyo ea khanya e khubelu ho tekanyo ea khanya ea infrared e baloa ke processor (e emelang karo-karolelano ea hemoglobin ea oksijene ho hemoglobin e nang le oksijene), 'me karo-karolelano ena e fetoleloa ho SpO.₂ka processor ka atafole ea ho sheba^[40]thehiloeng hoMolao oa Beer-Lambert.^[39]Karohano ea mats'oao e boetse e sebeletsa merero e meng: waveform ea plethysmograph ("pleth wave") e emelang lets'oao la pulsatile hangata e bonts'oa bakeng sa pontšo ea pono ea maqhubu le boleng ba matšoao,^[41]le karo-karolelano ea lipalo lipakeng tsa monyetla oa pulsatile le oa motheo (“perfusion index“) e ka sebelisoa ho lekola perfusion.^[25]

Ho sebelisoa pulse oximeter probe monoaneng oa motho

Pulse oximeter ke asesebelisoa sa bongakae hlokomelang ka tsela e sa tobang hore na oksijene e tlala hakae 'meleng oa mokulimadi(ho fapana le ho lekanya phepelo ea oksijene ka kotloloho ka sampole ea mali) le liphetoho tsa bongata ba mali letlalong, ho hlahisaphotoplethysmogramseo se ka sebetswang hapelitekanyo tse ling.^[41]Pulse oximeter e ka kenyelletsoa ho leihlo la mokuli la multiparameter.Li-monitor tse ngata li boetse li bonts'a sekhahla sa ho otla ha pelo.Li-pulse oximeter tse nkehang, tse tsamaisoang ke betri li fumaneha hape bakeng sa ho tsamaisoa kapa ho lekola oksijene ea mali lapeng.

Melemo[edita]

Pulse oximetry e loketse ka ho khethehae sa hlaselengtekanyo e tsoelang pele ea ho tlala ha oksijene maling.Ka lehlakoreng le leng, maemo a khase ea mali a tlameha ho khethoa ka tsela e 'ngoe laboratoring ea sampole ea mali e nkiloeng.Pulse oximetry e thusa maemong afe kapa afe moo mokuli a leng tengoksijeneha e tsitsa, ho kenyelletsatlhokomelo e matla, ho sebetsa, ho hlaphoheloa, maemo a tšohanyetso le a sepetlele,bafofisi ba lifofaneka sefofane se sa hatelloang, bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea oksijene ea mokuli leha e le ofe, le ho fumana katleho ea kapa tlhokahalo ea tlatsetso.oksijene.Le hoja pulse oximeter e sebelisoa ho shebella oksijene, e ke ke ea tseba hore na oksijene e sebetsa joang, kapa hore na mokuli o sebelisa oksijene hakae.Bakeng sa morero ona, ho boetse hoa hlokahala ho lekanyacarbon dioxide(CO₂) maemo.Ho ka etsahala hore e ka boela ea sebelisoa ho lemoha ho se tloaelehe ha moea o kenang.Leha ho le joalo, tšebeliso ea pulse oximeter ho lemohahypoventilatione senyehile ka tšebeliso ea oksijene ea tlatsetso, kaha ke feela ha bakuli ba hema moea oa kamore moo ho ka bonoang ho se tloaelehe ha tšebetso ea phefumoloho ka ts'ebeliso ea eona.Ka hona, tsamaiso ea kamehla ea oksijene ea tlatsetso e ka 'na ea se ke ea hlokahala haeba mokuli a khona ho boloka oksijene e lekaneng moeeng oa kamore, kaha e ka fella ka hore hypoventilation e se ke ea bonoa.^[42]

Ka lebaka la tšebeliso ea tsona e bonolo le bokhoni ba ho fana ka litekanyetso tse tsoelang pele le tsa hang-hang tsa ho tlatsa oksijene, li-pulse oximeter li bohlokoa haholomeriana ea tšohanyetsohape li bohlokoa haholo ho bakuli ba nang le mathata a ho hema kapa a pelo, haholoholoCOPD, kapa ho hlahloba ba bangmathata a ho robalajoalo kaho koatalehypopnea.^[43]Li-pulse oximeter tse nkehang tse sebelisoang ke betri li molemo ho bafofisi ba lifofane ba sebetsang ka sefofaneng se sa hatelletsoeng ka holimo ho 10,000 feet (3,000 m) kapa 12,500 feet (3,800 m) US.^[44]moo oksijene ea tlatsetso e hlokahalang.Li-portable pulse oximeter li boetse li na le thuso bakeng sa bapalami ba lithaba le baatlelete bao boemo ba bona ba oksijene bo ka fokotsehang holimobophahamokapa ka boikoetliso.Li-pulse oximeter tse ling tse nkehang habobebe li sebelisa mananeo a tšoaeang oksijene ea mali a mokuli le ho otla ha pelo, e leng khopotso ea ho lekola boemo ba oksijene maling.

Lintlafatso tsa morao-rao tsa khokahanyo le tsona li se li entse hore ho khonehe hore bakuli ba be le leihlo la hore oksijene ea bona ea mali e lula e lekoa ntle le khokahanyo ea cable ho sebali sa sepetlele, ntle le ho tela phallo ea data ea mokuli ho khutlela ho li-monitor tse haufi le bethe le lits'ebetso tse bohareng tsa ho lebela bakuli.Masimo Radius PPG, e hlahisitsoeng ka selemo sa 2019, e fana ka tetherless pulse oximetry e sebelisa theknoloji ea tlhahiso ea matšoao ea Masimo, e lumellang bakuli ho tsamaea ka bolokolohi le ka boiketlo ha ba ntse ba behiloe leihlo ka mokhoa o tsoelang pele le ka ts'epo.^[45]Radius PPG e ka boela ea sebelisa Bluetooth e sireletsehileng ho arolelana lintlha tsa mokuli ka kotloloho le smartphone kapa sesebelisoa se seng se bohlale.^[46]

Mefokolo[edita]

Pulse oximetry e lekanya hemoglobin saturation feela, esengmoea oa moeamme ha se tekanyo e felletseng ya ho hema hantle.Ha se sebaka salikhase tsa malie hlahlojoa ka laboratoring, hobane ha e fane ka pontšo ea khaello ea motheo, maemo a carbon dioxide, malipH, kapabicarbonate(HCO₃⁻) ho tsepamisa maikutlo.Metabolism ea oksijene e ka lekanyetsoa habonolo ka ho lekola CO e felileng₂, empa lipalo tsa saturation ha li fane ka boitsebiso bo mabapi le boemo ba oksijene maling.Bongata ba oksijene maling bo tsamaisoa ke hemoglobin;khaello ea mali e matla, mali a na le hemoglobin e fokolang, eo ho sa tsotellehe hore e tletse, e ke keng ea tsamaisa oksijene e ngata hakaalo.

Ho bala ho tlase ka phoso ho ka bakoa kehypoperfusionea pheletso e sebedisoang bakeng sa ho beha leihlo (hangata ka lebaka la ho hatsela hoa setho, kapa ho tlohavasoconstrictionbobeli ho tshebediso yavasopressorbaemeli);sesebelisoa sa sensor se fosahetseng;haholobotsoaletlalo;kapa ho sisinyeha (joalo ka ho thothomela), haholo-holo nakong ea hypoperfusion.Ho netefatsa ho nepahala, kutlo e lokela ho khutlisa molumo o tsitsitseng oa pulse le / kapa pulse waveform.Litheknoloji tsa pulse oximetry li fapana ka bokhoni ba tsona ba ho fana ka lintlha tse nepahetseng nakong ea maemo a ho sisinyeha le ho fokotseha ho fokolang.^[12][9]

Pulse oximetry le eona ha se tekanyo e felletseng ea ho lekana ha oksijene ea potoloho.Haeba ho sa lekanaphallo ya madikapa haemoglobin e sa lekaneng maling (khaello ea mali), lisele li ka utloa bohlokohypoxiaho sa tsotellehe ho tlala ha oksijene ea mali.

Kaha pulse oximetry e lekanya feela peresente ea haemoglobin e tlanngoeng, ho tla ba le palo e phahameng ea bohata kapa e fokolang ea bohata ha hemoglobin e tlama ntho e 'ngoe ntle le oksijene:

• Hemoglobin e na le kamano e phahameng haholo le carbon monoxide ho feta kamoo e amanang le oksijene, 'me motho a ka bala haholo le hoja mokuli a hlile a le hypoxemic.Maemong achefo ea carbon monoxide, ho se nepahale hona ho ka liehisa ho tsebahala hahypoxia(boemo bo tlase ba oksijene ea cellular).
• Chefo ea cyanidee fana ka 'malo o phahameng hobane e fokotsa ho ntšoa ha oksijene maling a arterial.Tabeng ena, ho bala ha se leshano, kaha oksijene ea mali ea arterial e hlile e phahame ka chefo ea pele ea cyanide.^{[tlhaloso e hlokahalang]}
• Methemoglobinemiaka mokhoa o ikhethileng e baka lipalo tsa pulse oximetry bohareng ba lilemo tsa bo-80.
• COPD [haholo-holo bronchitis e sa foleng] e ka baka 'malo oa bohata.^[47]

Mokhoa o sa tsitsang o lumellang ho lekanya ho tsoelang pele ha dyshemoglobins ke ho otla ha peloCO-oximeter, e hahiloeng ka 2005 ke Masimo.^[48]Ka ho sebelisa li-wavelengths tse eketsehileng,^[49]e fa lingaka mokhoa oa ho lekanya dyshemoglobins, carboxyhemoglobin, le methemoglobin hammoho le hemoglobin e felletseng.^[50]

Tšebeliso e eketsehileng[edita]

Ho latela tlaleho ea iData Research, 'maraka oa US pulse oximetry monitoring' marakeng oa lisebelisoa le li-sensor o ne o feta limilione tse 700 tsa USD ka 2011.^[51]

Ka 2008, ho feta halofo ea bahlahisi ba ka sehloohong ba thepa ea bongaka ba tsoang linaheng tse ling baChinae ne e le baetsi ba pulse oximeters.^[52]

Ho fumanoa kapele ha COVID-19[edita]

Li-pulse oximeter li sebelisoa ho thusa ho lemoha kapeleCOVID-19tšoaetso, e ka bakang qalong ho sa hlokomeleheng ho fokotseha ha oksijene ea mali le hypoxia.New York Timese tlaleha hore "ba boholong ba tsa bophelo bo botle ba arohane ka taba ea hore na tlhahlobo ea lapeng e nang le pulse oximeter e lokela ho khothaletsoa ka mokhoa o pharalletseng nakong ea Covid-19.Lithuto tsa ho ts'epahala li bonts'a liphetho tse fapaneng, 'me ho na le tataiso e nyane mabapi le mokhoa oa ho khetha e le 'ngoe.Empa lingaka tse ngata li eletsa bakuli hore ba e fumane, e leng se etsang hore e be eona sesebelisoa sa seoa sena. ”^[53]

Sheba hape:Photoplethysmogram

Ka lebaka la liphetoho tse ngata tsa mali letlalong, aplethysmographicphapano e ka bonoa lets'oao la leseli le amoheloang (phetisetso) ke sensor ho oximeter.Phapang e ka hlalosoa e le amosebetsi oa nakoana, eo le eona e ka aroloang ka karolo ea DC (boleng ba tlhoro)^[a]le karolo ea AC (sehlohlolo sa minus phula).^[54]Karolelano ea karolo ea AC ho karolo ea DC, e hlahisoang e le peresente, e tsejoa e le the(pheriferale)perfusionindex(Pi) bakeng sa pulse, 'me hangata e na le mefuta e fapaneng ea 0.02% ho isa ho 20%.^[55]Tekanyo ea pejana e bitsoang thepulse oximetry plethysmographic(POP) e lekanya feela karolo ea "AC", 'me e nkiloe ka letsoho ho tsoa ho lipikselse tsa ho hlahloba.^[56][25]

Pleth variability index(PVI) ke tekanyo ea ho feto-fetoha ha index ea perfusion, e hlahang nakong ea potoloho ea ho hema.Ka lipalo e baloa joalo ka (Pi_max-Pi_min)/Pi_max× 100%, moo litekanyetso tse phahameng le tse fokolang tsa Pi li tsoang ho potoloho e le 'ngoe kapa tse ngata tsa phefumoloho.^[54]E 'nile ea bontšoa e le pontšo e sebetsang, e sa tsitsang ea karabo e tsoelang pele ea mokelikeli bakeng sa bakuli ba nang le tsamaiso ea mokelikeli.^[25] Pulse oximetry plethysmographic waveform amplitude(ΔPOP) ke mokhoa o tšoanang oa pejana o sebelisoang ho POP e nkiloeng ka letsoho, e baloang joalo ka(POP)._max- POP_min)/(POP_max+ POP_min)*2.^[56]

• Khase ea mali ea arterial
• Capnography
• Integrated pulmonary index
• Tlhokomelo ea ho hema
• Thepa ea bongaka
• Ho kenya moea ka mechine
• Sensor ea oksijene
• Phello ea oksijene
• Photoplethysmogram, tekanyo ea carbon dioxide (CO₂) likhaseng tsa ho hema
• Ho koaleha moea ka nakoana borokong
• Ulaif

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